| Rap music originated as a cross-cultural
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| | Clinton, released compact discs (CDs)
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| product. Most of its important early
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| | containing dozens of sound bites
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| practitioners-including Kool Herc, D.J.
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| | specifically to facilitate sampling. One
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| Hollywood, and Afrika Bambaataa-were
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| | effect of sampling was a newfound sense
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| either first- or second-generation
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| | of musical history among black youth.
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| Americans of Caribbean ancestry. Herc and
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| | Earlier artists such as Brown and Clinton
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| Hollywood are both credited with
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| | were celebrated as cultural heroes and
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| introducing the Jamaican style of cutting
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| | their older recordings were reissued and
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| and mixing into the musical culture of
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| | repopularized.During the mid-1980s, rap
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| the South Bronx. By most accounts Herc
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| | moved from the fringes of hip-hop culture
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| was the first DJ to buy two copies of the
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| | to the mainstream of the American music
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| same record for just a 15-second break
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| | industry as white musicians began to
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| (rhythmic instrumental segment) in the
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| | embrace the new style. In 1986 rap
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| middle. By mixing back and forth between
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| | reached the top ten on the Billboard pop
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| the two copies he was able to double,
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| | charts with "(You Gotta) Fight for Your
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| triple, or indefinitely extend the break.
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| | Right (To Party!)" by the Beastie Boys
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| In so doing, Herc effectively
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| | and "Walk This Way" by Run-DMC and
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| deconstructed and reconstructed so-called
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| | Aerosmith. Known for incorporating rock
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| found sound, using the turntable as a
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| | music into its raps, Run-DMC became one
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| musical instrument.While he was cutting
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| | of the first rap groups to be featured
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| with two turntables, Herc would also
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| | regularly on MTV (Music Television). Also
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| perform with the microphone in Jamaican
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| | during the mid-1980s, the first female
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| toasting style-joking, boasting, and
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| | rap group of consequence, Salt-N-Pepa,
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| using myriad in-group references. Herc's
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| | released the singles "The Show Stoppa"
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| musical parties eventually gained
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| | (1985) and "Push It" (1987); "Push It"
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| notoriety and were often documented on
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| | reached the top 20 on Billboard's pop
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| cassette tapes that were recorded with
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| | charts. In the late 1980s a large segment
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| the relatively new boombox, or blaster,
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| | of rap became highly politicized,
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| technology. Taped duplicates of these
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| | resulting in the most overt social agenda
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| parties rapidly made their way through
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| | in popular music since the urban folk
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| the Bronx, Brooklyn, and uptown
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| | movement of the 1960s. The groups Public
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| Manhattan, spawning a number of similar
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| | Enemy and Boogie Down Productions
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| DJ acts. Among the new breed of DJs was
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| | epitomized this political style of rap.
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| Afrika Bambaataa, the first important
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| | Public Enemy came to prominence with
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| Black Muslim in rap. (The Muslim presence
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| | their second album, It Takes a Nation of
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| would become very influential in the late
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| | Millions to Hold Us Back (1988), and the
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| 1980s.) Bambaataa often engaged in
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| | theme song "Fight the Power" from the
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| sound-system battles with Herc, similar
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| | motion picture Do the Right Thing
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| to the so-called cutting contests in jazz
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| | (1989),by American filmmaker Spike Lee.
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| a generation earlier. The sound system
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| | Proclaiming the importance of rap in
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| competitions were held at city parks,
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| | black American culture, Public Enemy's
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| where hot-wired street lamps supplied
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| | lead singer, Chuck D., referred to it as
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| electricity, or at local clubs. Bambaataa
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| | the African American CNN (Cable News
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| sometimes mixed sounds from rock-music
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| | Network).Alongside the rise of political
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| recordings and television shows into the
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| | rap came the introduction of gangsta rap,
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| standard funk and disco fare that Herc
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| | which attempts to depict an outlaw
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| and most of his followers relied upon. By
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| | lifestyle of sex, drugs, and violence in
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| using rock records, Bambaataa extended
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| | inner-city America. In 1988 the first
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| rap beyond the immediate reference points
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| | major album of gangsta rap was released:
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| of contemporary black youth culture. By
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| | Straight Outta Compton by the rap group
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| the 1990s any sound source was considered
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| | NWA (Niggaz With Attitude). Songs from
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| fair game and rap artists borrowed sounds
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| | the album generated an extraordinary
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| from such disparate sources as Israeli
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| | amount of controversy for their violent
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| folk music, bebop jazz records, and
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| | attitudes and inspired protests from a
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| television news broadcasts.In 1976
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| | number of organizations, including the
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| Grandmaster Flash introduced the
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| | FBI (Federal Bureau of Investigation).
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| technique In 1979 the first two rap
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| | However, attempts to censor gangsta rap
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| records appeared: "King Tim III
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| | only served to publicize the music and
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| (Personality Jock)," recorded by the
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| | make it more attractive to both black and
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| Fatback Band, and "Rapper's Delight," by
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| | white youths. NWA became a platform for
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| Sugarhill Gang. A series of verses
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| | launching the solo careers of some of the
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| recited by the three members of Sugarhill
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| | most influential rappers and rap
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| Gang, "Rapper's Delight" became a
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| | producers in the gangsta style, including
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| national hit, reaching number 36 on the
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| | Dr. Dre, Ice Cube, and Eazy-E.In the
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| Billboard magazine popular music charts.
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| | 1990s rap became increasingly eclectic,
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| The spoken content, mostly braggadocio
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| | demonstrating a seemingly limitless
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| spiced with fantasy, was derived largely
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| | capacity to draw samples from any and all
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| from a pool of material used by most of
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| | musical forms. A number of rap artists
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| the earlier rappers. The backing track
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| | have borrowed from jazz, using samples as
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| for "Rapper's Delight" was supplied by
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| | well as live music. Some of the most
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| hired studio musicians, who replicated
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| | influential jazz-rap recordings include
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| the basic groove of the hit song "Good
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| | Jazzamatazz CD (1993), an album by Boston
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| Times" (1979) by the American disco group
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| | rapper Guru, and "Cantaloop (Flip
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| Chic. Perceived as novel by many white
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| | Fantasia)" (1993), a single by the
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| Americans, "Rapper's Delight" quickly
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| | British group US3. In the United Kingdom,
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| inspired "Rapture" (1980) by the new-wave
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| | jazz-rap evolved into a genre known as
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| band Blondie, as well as a number of
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| | trip-hop, the most prominent artists and
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| other popular records. In 1982 Afrika
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| | groups being Tricky and Massive Attack.
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| Bambaataa's "Planet Rock" became the
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| | As rap became increasingly part of the
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| first rap record to use synthesizers and
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| | American mainstream in the 1990s,
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| an electronic drum machine. With this
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| | political rap became less prominent while
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| recording, rap artists began to create
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| | gangsta rap, as epitomized by the Geto
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| their own backing tracks rather than
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| | Boys, Snoop Doggy Dogg, and Tupac Shakur,
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| simply offering the work of others in a
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| | grew in popularity.Since the mid-1980s
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| new context. A year later Bambaataa
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| | rap music has greatly influenced both
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| introduced the sampling capabilities of
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| | black and white culture in North America.
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| synthesizers on "Looking for the Perfect
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| | Much of the slang of hip-hop culture,
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| Beat" (1983).of quick mixing, in which
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| | including such terms as dis, fly, def,
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| sound bites as short as one or two
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| | chill, and wack, have become standard
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| seconds are combined for a collage
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| | parts of the vocabulary of a significant
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| effect. Quick mixing paralleled the
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| | number of young people of various ethnic
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| rapid-editing style of television
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| | origins. Many rap enthusiasts assert that
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| advertising used at the time. Shortly
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| | rap functions as a voice for a community
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| after Flash introduced quick mixing, his
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| | without access to the mainstream media.
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| partner Grandmaster Melle Mel composed
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| | According to advocates, rap serves to
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| the first extended stories in rhymed rap.
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| | engender self-pride, self-help, and
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| Up to this point, most of the words heard
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| | self-improvement, communicating a
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| over the work of disc jockeys such as
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| | positive and fulfilling sense of black
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| Herc, Bambaataa, and Flash had been
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| | history that is largely absent from other
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| improvised phrases and expressions. In
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| | American institutions. Political rap
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| 1978 DJ Grand Wizard Theodore introduced
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| | artists have spurred interest in the
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| the technique of scratching to produce
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| | Black Muslim movement as articulated by
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| rhythmic patterns.Sampling brought into
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| | minister Louis Farrakhan, generating much
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| question the ownership of sound. Some
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| | criticism from those who view Farrakhan
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| artists claimed that by sampling
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| | as a racist. Gangsta rap has also been
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| recordings of a prominent black artist,
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| | severely criticised for lyrics that many
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| such as funk musician James Brown, they
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| | people interpret as glorifying the most
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| were challenging white corporate America
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| | violent and misogynistic (woman-hating)
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| and the recording industry's right to own
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| | imagery in the history of popular music.
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| black cultural expression. More
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| | The style's popularity with middle-class
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| problematic was the fact that rap artists
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| | whites has been attacked as vicarious
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| were also challenging Brown's and other
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| | thrill-seeking of the most insidious
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| musicians' right to own, control, and be
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| | sort. Defenders of gangsta rap argue that
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| compensated for the use of their
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| | no matter who is listening to the music,
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| intellectual creations. By the early
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| | the raps are justified because they
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| 1990s a system had come about whereby
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| | accurately portray life in inner-city is
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| most artists requested permission and
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| | the #1 Hip Hop Jewelry retailer on the
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| negotiated some form of compensation for
| |
| | net. We have all the Bling Bling that you
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| the use of samples. Some commonly sampled
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| | are looking for.
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| performers, such as funk musician George
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